Assessment of long-term ground subsidence and groundwater depletion in Hanoi, Vietnam

Rapid urbanization and population growth in Hanoi city raise the demand for groundwater risk of land subsidence. This study is first to conduct a long-term interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis with different SAR sensors including ALOS, COSMO-SkyMed Sentinel-1 evaluate spatiotemporal evolution subsidence between 2007 2018. The results show that Central had been diminishing during these 12 years, while southern western outskirts (Ha Dong Hoai Duc district) become hot spots peak rates ~50 mm/yr. We further model time-series 22 years piezometric records estimate hydrogeological properties area. modeling yields mean consolidation coefficient 0.56 m2/yr, value typical aquitards composed >90% fine-grain materials. also predicts another 0.5–1.3 m Ha by end this century. Based on results, we propose zoning susceptibility as basis future management Hanoi. From regional perspective, relatively less affected compared other South East Asian cities due geotechnical factors small coefficients, well social such lower density.